Governments around the world are accelerating their push toward national digital identification systems, promising convenience and security while raising concerns over privacy, surveillance, and government control. By 2026, the European Union will require every member state to implement a national digital identity wallet, and the United Kingdom plans to make digital ID mandatory for the “Right to Work” by the end of its current Parliament.

United Kingdom Leads the Charge

In September 2025, British Prime Minister Keir Starmer announced plans for a free, government-backed digital ID system for all residents. The initiative—temporarily called “BritCard”—will become a mandatory requirement for employment checks, designed to curb illegal migration and simplify access to services such as tax filing, welfare, and driving licenses.

While the government argues that digital ID will make it “simpler to prove who you are” and reduce fraud, civil liberties groups have raised alarms. Big Brother Watch called the plan “wholly un-British,” warning it would “create a domestic mass surveillance infrastructure”.

Officials state the new system will use encryption and biometric authentication, with credentials stored directly on smartphones. For those without smartphones, the plan includes support programs and alternatives.

Europe Mandates a Digital Identity Wallet

Across the European Union, the Digital Identity Wallet—developed under the eIDAS 2.0 Regulation—will become law by 2026, obligating all 27 member states to provide citizens with a secure app that integrates identification, travel, and financial credentials. The European Commission envisions the wallet as a single login for public and private services across borders, from banking to healthcare, using cryptographic protections to ensure data privacy.

United States Expands Mobile IDs

The United States does not have a national digital ID system but is quickly adopting state-level mobile IDs. More than 30 states have launched or are testing digital driver’s licenses stored on phones via Apple Wallet, Google Wallet, or state apps. States such as Louisiana and Arizona already accept mobile IDs for TSA airport checks, and similar legislation is advancing in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Georgia.

Meanwhile, private firms like ID.me and CLEAR have enrolled millions of Americans in digital identity programs, often partnering with government agencies and raising questions about data use and inclusion for low-income groups.

Global Adoption and UN Involvement

The trend extends well beyond Western nations. China’s national digital ID, launched in 2025, is connected to its social credit system, combining financial records, travel rights, and online behavior tracking. Singapore, South Korea, Nigeria, and the UAE have each implemented government-backed ID systems that link citizens’ digital credentials to public and private services ranging from taxes to utilities.

The movement aligns with the United Nations’ goal of providing “legal identity for all by 2030,” supported by the World Bank’s ID4D (Identification for Development) initiative, which funds digital identity infrastructure in over 100 countries.

The Promise and the Peril

Proponents argue that digital IDs offer protection against identity fraud, save governments billions in paperwork, and bring roughly one billion undocumented citizens into legal recognition systems globally. Estonia, for instance, saves an estimated 2% of its GDP annually through digitized services, while India’s Aadhaar ID has reduced welfare fraud by $10 billion per year.

However, critics warn that centralizing identity creates unprecedented control risks. Once personal data, biometrics, and financial access are linked, governments could more easily restrict rights or track behavior.

As one analyst put it, the shift may mark “a turning point in the balance of power between citizens, corporations, and the state”.

The global rollout of digital IDs is reshaping the definition of identity itself—raising the question of whether convenience and efficiency come at too high a cost to freedom.