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Ask the Amys on November 20, 2023 at 6:56 pm HBR.org

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Advice for coping with a boss’s unreasonable demands, and other workplace predicaments.

​Managing up, Gender, Management, Audio Advice for coping with a boss’s unreasonable demands, and other workplace predicaments.  

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The Rise Of Bullsh*t Jobs: Why Gen Z Hates Work

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Ever heard someone say, “I facilitate stakeholder alignment across cross-functional work streams,” and wondered what they actually do? If you’ve set foot in the corporate world, you’ve probably encountered job titles and explanations that sound both impressive and baffling. This kind of jargon can make even project management roles sound mysterious—sometimes even to the people who hold those titles.

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But vague job descriptions aren’t just corporate in-jokes. Many employees in white-collar settings report feeling disconnected from tangible accomplishments. In fact, some say they can complete their required work in mere hours, while others admit to spending long days at the office with little sense of real achievement.

The Origins of Corporate Bloat

To understand how we got here, it helps to look back at the Industrial Revolution, when expanding industries needed complex management structures to coordinate vast workforces. Innovations like Frederick Taylor’s “scientific management” treated workers almost like machines, focusing on hyper-efficiency—even if this mostly benefited management.

Later, the “M-form” (multi-divisional form) structure became the norm: dividing companies into specialized teams, each with its own middle managers. This was supposed to increase efficiency, but also led to sprawling hierarchies. Efforts to “flatten” organizations have come and gone—shareholders in the ‘80s and ‘90s tried to reduce management bloat, but the complexities of global business brought the managers (and their sometimes-cryptic roles) right back.

Confusing Titles, Fuzzy Duties

Climbing the corporate ladder often means taking on a manager title, whether or not real management is needed. Job titles like “Business Optimization Specialist” or “Synergy Manager” abound, and sometimes even employees struggle to explain what they do day to day. Promotions are frequently tied to new titles instead of more meaningful or specialized work.

A 2022 Harvard Business School study found that managers made up 13% of the U.S. labor force, up from just 9.2% in 1983. Yet many say their workday is dominated by “work about work”—meetings, emails, and status updates, not skilled or creative output.

AI and the “Great Flattening”

One would think technology, especially AI, would help cut down on busy work or unnecessary roles. In some ways, it has: generative AI has reportedly reduced time spent on email and routine documents, and some large companies are once again pushing to cut middle management layers. Amazon, for example, is raising the ratio of individual contributors to managers—but this often just shifts extra reporting and admin work to frontline employees, not always making work itself more meaningful.

Do These Jobs Matter?

Despite the frustrations, quality managers—those who actually enable communication and solve problems—are often essential to preventing organizational chaos. The problem is the sheer excess and occasional misplacement of such roles. Too many layers? Costs increase for everyone, sometimes driving up the price of what the company sells.

Ultimately, dissatisfaction seems connected less to job titles or “BS” work per se, and more to the lack of perceived accomplishment. If workers feel their real skills aren’t being used, or that bureaucracy stifles meaningful output, it’s no wonder they check out.

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The Bottom Line:
Corporate bloat and confusing job titles are symptoms of bigger organizational and economic complexities. While AI may trim some busywork, the quest for a sense of purpose at work—and for leaner, more functional corporate structures—is far from over.

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Kim Kardashian’s Viral Face Wrap: Beauty Breakthrough or $50 Gimmick?

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The SKIMS Seamless Sculpt Face Wrap—Kim Kardashian’s latest viral shapewear for the face—has exploded in popularity, stirring both fascination and skepticism. This $48–$50 “face bra” is billed as a sleep-friendly compression wrap engineered to lift, sculpt, and define the jawline overnight, stirred by TikTok beauty trends and the enduring cultural obsession with defeating aging. While it immediately sold out after launch, expert consensus and historical context suggest the effectiveness of such beauty devices remains highly questionable, repeating a long lineage of similar fads that have thrived on marketing more than meaningful results.

What Is the SKIMS Face Wrap?

The SKIMS Seamless Sculpt Face Wrap is marketed as a first-of-its-kind facial shapewear, made from a blend of polyamide and elastane, infused with “collagen yarns,” and designed to apply targeted compression to the lower face and neck. The wrap’s purpose, according to SKIMS, is to “sculpt” the jaw overnight, inspired by post-surgery facial compression wear used medically after facelifts or jaw operations. It’s part of a surge in face-toning belts and jawline sculpting accessories, many echoing Korean beauty trends centered on the coveted V-line jaw shape.

Does It Actually Work?

Despite a flurry of influencer endorsements, the scientific support for these face wraps is minimal. Expert dermatologists and cosmetic doctors note that while compression can create a mild, very temporary slimming effect (by shifting fluids or briefly compressing soft tissue), these changes disappear within hours—similar to the fleeting effects of waist trainers. There is no credible evidence that any fabric wrap, regardless of its cost or “collagen infusions,” can structurally reshape the face or lift sagging tissues overnight. Prolonged use could even cause pressure marks, acne, or jaw tension. Form-fitting plastics or elastics strong enough to permanently alter bone or tissue would likely pose significant health risks.

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The Viral Trend and Its History

The SKIMS Face Wrap’s viral success is driven by social media fads like TikTok’s “morning shed,” where users dramatically unveil layers of overnight beauty gear, boosting engagement and product sales. These “face bras” are far from new; generations before turned to all manner of overnight beauty masks, from Victorian “face gloves” to electrified rubber devices, often promising dubious anti-aging miracles. Beauty routines aiming to stave off wrinkles have a long, bizarre history steeped in both hope and clever marketing rather than functional science.

Beauty, Gimmicks, and Marketing

Kim Kardashian’s marketing strategy blends shock value with Instagrammable aesthetics, mirroring tactics used by brands like Goop and leveraging scarcity to drive hype and sales. Comparable to Goop’s “vagina candle” or SKIMS’ own “nipple bra,” the face wrap toes the line between self-aware gimmick and serious wellness product—winning viral attention, but without substantive evidence of long-term benefit.

Are There Better Alternatives?

Doctors recommend evidence-backed treatments—like high intensity focused ultrasound, collagen injections, dermal fillers, and properly applied neuromodulators (e.g., Botox)—for those truly seeking noticeable facial contouring. Cheaper, lower-risk home methods such as face massage or gua sha can provide short-lived improvements in skin tone and puffiness, though these too have modest outcomes.

Conclusion

The SKIMS face wrap is the latest in a centuries-long procession of beauty gadgets promising the “ultimate face.” While it wins points for marketing impact and momentary snatching, its claims of sculpting or age-defiance are unsubstantiated and temporary at best, with notable risk of irritation or discomfort. Like many viral beauty trends before it, the primary result for most is an emptier wallet and a fleeting selfie moment—rather than the timeless jawline of advertising mythology.

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What Is Method Acting? Exploring the Techniques of Cinema’s Greatest Actors

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Method acting is a groundbreaking approach to performance that has transformed how actors bring characters to life on stage and screen. Unlike classical acting, which often emphasizes external imitation, method acting encourages performers to deeply inhabit their characters by tapping into their own emotions, memories, and senses, making the portrayal highly authentic and emotionally truthful.

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Origins and Development

The roots of method acting trace back to the early 20th century with Russian theater practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski, who pioneered a system that urged actors to explore their character’s motivations and emotional depth by drawing on their own experiences. This contrasted sharply with previous acting styles centered on theatrical exaggeration and artificiality.

In the 1930s, American acting teachers like Lee Strasberg and Elia Kazan adapted and expanded Stanislavski’s ideas. Strasberg, in particular, formalized method acting into a technique where actors fully immerse themselves in their role—living as the character throughout rehearsals and filming, creating a seamless psychological and emotional connection. Strasberg’s method emphasizes emotional memory, where actors recall personal experiences to evoke authentic feelings during performance.

Cillian Murphy in 2024

Core Techniques of Method Acting

Method acting uses several foundational techniques to create realistic and powerful performances:

  • Sense Memory: Actors relive sensations and experiences from their own lives to realistically evoke emotions, such as recreating the feeling of cold or joy.
  • Emotional or Affective Memory: Actors access deeply personal memories to generate genuine emotions that inform their character’s state, lending credibility and intensity.
  • Substitution: To connect with a character’s circumstances, actors replace fictional events with real-life analogues, helping them respond truthfully in scenes.
  • Physicalization: Actors use specific physical actions and gestures to trigger corresponding emotions, linking body and psyche.
  • Focus and Relaxation: Actors first release physical and mental tension to become a “blank slate,” sharpening their senses and presence for immersive acting.

Different Schools of Method Acting

The term “method acting” encompasses diverse approaches, with three major schools evolving from Stanislavski’s system:

  • Lee Strasberg’s Psychological Approach: Focuses on emotional recall and memory to access a character’s inner life, emphasizing feeling the character’s emotions.
  • Stella Adler’s Sociological Approach: Stresses thorough research of a character’s background and motivations and encourages imagination over personal emotional experience.
  • Sanford Meisner’s Behavioral Approach: Concentrates on truthful reactions in interactions with other actors, using repetition exercises to build spontaneous, authentic responses.

While these methods differ, all aim to enable an actor to deliver truthful, nuanced performances through deep character immersion.

The Legacy of Method Acting in Cinema

Method acting has profoundly shaped modern film acting, producing some of cinema’s most unforgettable performances. Notable method actors include Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, and Daniel Day-Lewis—each known for intense preparation and fully embodying their characters.

Daniel Day-Lewis, in particular, is famous for his extreme dedication, staying in character on and off set and undergoing physical and emotional transformations that push the boundaries of immersive acting.

Actor Christian Bale at the Berlinale 2019

Conclusion

Method acting remains a powerful tool that redefined the craft of acting by championing emotional truth and character immersion. While it demands discipline and sometimes emotional risk, it allows actors to transcend mere performance and offer audiences a window into real human experiences.

By exploring the inner workings of characters with sincerity and depth, method actors continue to captivate and inspire, keeping this influential technique alive at the heart of storytelling.

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