10 Types of Shots Every Filmmaker Should Know

Understanding camera shots is fundamental for new filmmakers. Each shot type not only frames your subject but also shapes the story, mood, and emotional impact of your film. Below is a detailed breakdown of the ten essential shots, with practical advice and tips to help you master them from the start.

1. Wide Shot (Long Shot)

• What it is: Shows the subject within their environment, often from a distance.
• Why it matters: Establishes context, location, and scale. It’s often used as an opening or establishing shot.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use wide shots to orient your audience at the start of a scene.
  • Pay attention to composition—avoid cluttered backgrounds and keep the frame balanced.
  • Don’t be afraid to move your camera to find the most visually interesting angle.

2. Full Shot

• What it is: Frames the subject from head to toe, including some background.
• Why it matters: Captures body language and movement, crucial for action or dance scenes.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use full shots to show physicality or when characters interact with their environment.
  • Make sure the subject isn’t too small in the frame—keep them prominent but not cramped.

3. Medium Shot

• What it is: Frames the subject from the waist up.
• Why it matters: Balances the subject and background, ideal for dialogue and character interaction.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use medium shots for conversations and to show relationships between characters.
  • Watch for distracting elements in the background and keep the camera steady.

4. Medium Close-Up

• What it is: Frames the subject from the chest or shoulders up.
• Why it matters: Highlights facial expressions while still providing some context.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use this shot to capture subtle emotions.
  • Ensure the subject’s eyes are in focus and well-lit.

5. Close-Up

• What it is: Fills the frame with the subject’s face or a specific detail.
• Why it matters: Captures emotions, reactions, and important details.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use close-ups to emphasize key moments or reactions.
  • Avoid overusing close-ups; they’re most powerful when used sparingly.

6. Extreme Close-Up

• What it is: Focuses on a very small detail, such as eyes, lips, or an object.
• Why it matters: Intensifies emotion or draws attention to a critical element.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use extreme close-ups to highlight something crucial or to create tension.
  • Make sure the detail you’re focusing on is relevant to the story.

7. Over-the-Shoulder Shot (OTS)

• What it is: Shows the subject from behind another character’s shoulder.
• Why it matters: Connects characters and provides the audience with a sense of perspective.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use OTS shots in conversations to establish spatial relationships.
  • Maintain consistent eyelines and follow the 180-degree rule to avoid confusing the audience.

8. Point-of-View Shot (POV)

• What it is: Shows the scene from a character’s perspective.
• Why it matters: Immerses the audience in the character’s experience.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use POV shots to make viewers feel part of the action.
  • Keep the camera movement natural—avoid shaky footage unless it serves the story.

9. High Angle Shot

• What it is: Looks down on the subject from above.
• Why it matters: Makes the subject appear smaller, weaker, or more vulnerable.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use high angles to convey vulnerability or power dynamics.
  • Don’t overuse—reserve for moments when you want to emphasize a character’s situation.

10. Low Angle Shot

• What it is: Looks up at the subject from below.
• Why it matters: Makes the subject appear larger, more powerful, or imposing.
• Beginner advice:
  • Use low angles to show dominance, heroism, or intimidation.
  • Be mindful of background elements—avoid clutter or distractions above your subject.

Essential Shot Composition Tips for New Filmmakers

• Plan Your Shots: Create a shot list before filming. This helps you visualize each scene and ensures you capture all necessary angles.
• Use a Tripod or Stabilization: Keep your shots steady, especially as a beginner. Shaky footage can distract from your story.
• Frame Carefully: Pay attention to the background, edges, and what’s in focus. Use the rule of thirds to create balanced, engaging compositions.
• Vary Your Angles: Don’t shoot everything from eye level. Experiment with high, low, and side angles to add visual interest.
• Practice Regularly: Try recreating shots from your favorite films or practice with everyday objects at home. Review your footage and look for ways to improve framing and composition.

• Avoid Common Mistakes:
  • Don’t rely solely on auto settings—learn manual controls for exposure, focus, and white balance.
  • Don’t neglect sound—bad audio can ruin a good shot.
  • Don’t overuse shallow depth-of-field or camera movement without purpose.
  • Always get enough coverage—shoot a variety of shot sizes for each scene.

Quick Reference Table

Final Advice for New Filmmakers

• Start Simple: Focus on mastering the basics before experimenting with complex shots or movements.
• Learn by Doing: The best way to improve is to shoot regularly, review your work, and seek feedback.
• Tell a Story: Every shot should serve the story. Don’t use a shot just because it looks cool—make sure it has a purpose.
• Be Patient: Filmmaking is a craft that takes time to develop. Embrace mistakes as learning opportunities and keep practicing.

By understanding and practicing these ten essential shots, and following these tips, you’ll build a strong foundation for visual storytelling and set yourself up for success as a filmmaker.